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The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (, ''Ukrayins’ka Povstans’ka Armiya'', UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan army that engaged in a series of guerrilla conflicts during World War II against Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and both Underground and Communist Poland. The insurgent army arose out of separate militant formations of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists—Bandera faction (the OUN-B), other militant national-patriotic formations, some defectors of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, mobilization of local population and other.〔Vedeneyev, D. ''(Military Field Gendarmerie - special body of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army )''. "Voyenna Istoriya" magazine. 2002.〕 The political leadership of the army belonged to the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists—Bandera.〔 Its official date of creation is 14 October 1942, day of Intercession of the Theotokos feast. The Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army at the period from December 1941 till July 1943 has the same name (Ukrainian Insurgent Army or UPA).〔Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Chapter 3 pp.104-154〕 The OUN's stated immediate goal was the re-establishment of a united, independent, mono-ethnic national state on Ukrainian ethnic territory. Violence was accepted as a political tool against foreign as well as domestic enemies of their cause, which was to be achieved by a national revolution led by a dictatorship that would drive out what they considered to be occupying powers and set up a government representing all regions and social groups.〔Myroslav Yurkevich, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsiia ukrainskykh natsionalistiv) ) ''This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993).''〕 The organization began as a resistance group and developed into a guerrilla army.〔''Українська Повстанська Армія — Історія нескорених'', Lviv, 2007 p.28 〕 During its existence, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought against the Poles and the Soviets as their primary opponents, although the organization also fought against the Germans starting from February 1943 - with many cases of collaboration with the German forces in fight against Soviet partisan units. From late spring 1944, the UPA and Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-B (OUN-B)—faced with Soviet advances—also temporarily cooperated with German forces against the Soviets and Poles in the hope of creating an independent Ukrainian state.〔Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ''Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army'' Chapter 4 pp. 193–199 Chapter 5〕 The OUN also played a substantial role in the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population of Volhynia and East Galicia,〔Norman Davies. (1996). ''Europe: a History''. Oxford: Oxford University Press〕〔Aleksander V. Prusin. ''Ethnic Cleansing: Poles from Western Ukraine''. In: Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen. Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 2005. pp. 204-205.〕〔Timothy Snyder. ''The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999''. Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 169-170, 176〕〔John Paul Himka. (''Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian History'' ). University of Alberta. 2011. p.4.〕〔Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe. ''"The Ukrainian National Revolution" of 1941. Discourse and Practice of a Fascist Movement''. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. Vol. 12/No. 1 (Winter 2011). p. 83.〕 and later preventing the deportation of the Ukrainians in southeastern Poland.〔Timothy Snyder. ''The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999''. Yale University Press. 2003. p. 192.〕 After the end of World War II, the Polish communist army—the People's Army of Poland—fought extensively against the UPA. The UPA remained active and fought against the People's Republic of Poland until 1947, and against the Soviet Union until 1949. It was particularly strong in the Carpathian Mountains, the entirety of Galicia and in Volhynia—in modern Western Ukraine. By the late 1940s, the mortality rate for Soviet troops fighting Ukrainian insurgents in Western Ukraine was higher than the mortality rate for Soviet troops during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. Among the anti-Nazi resistance movements, it was unique in that it had no significant foreign support. Its growth and strength were a reflection of the popularity it enjoyed among the people of Western Ukraine.〔Subtelny, p. 474 〕〔(Interview with historian Viktor Korol ) "The very fact that in contrast to practically all the other resistance movements in the countries occupied in World War II by Nazi Germany, the Ukrainian resistance movement was not getting any outside help, and the fact that it could go on fighting first against the Germans and later against the Soviets showed that the UPA had a very substantial support of the local Ukrainian population."〕 Outside of Western Ukraine, support was not significant, and the majority of the Soviet (Eastern) Ukrainian population considered, and at times still view, the OUN/UPA to have been primarily collaborators with the Germans.〔Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, (''Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army'', Chapter 4 ), p. 180〕 ==Organization== The UPA's command structure overlapped with that of the underground nationalist political party, the OUN, in a sophisticated centralized network. The UPA was responsible for military operations while the OUN was in charge of administrative duties; each had its own chain of command. The six main departments were military, political, security service, mobilization, supply, and the Ukrainian Red Cross. Despite the division between the UPA and the OUN, there was overlap between their posts and the local OUN and UPA leaders were frequently the same person. Organizational methods were borrowed and adapted from the German, Polish and Soviet military, while UPA units based their training on a modified Red Army field unit manual. The General Staff, formed at the end of 1943 consisted of operations, intelligence, training, logistics, personnel and political education departments. UPA's largest units, ''Kurins'', consisting of 500-700 soldiers,〔Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, (''Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army'', Chapter 12 ), p. 169〕 were equivalent to battalions in a regular army, and its smallest units, ''Riys'' (literally bee swarm), with eight to ten soldiers,〔 were equivalent to squads.〔 Occasionally, and particularly in Volyn, during some operations three or more ''Kurins'' would unite and form a ''Zahin'' or Brigade.〔 UPA's leaders were: Vasyl Ivakhiv (spring – 13 of May 1943), Dmytro Klyachkivsky, Roman Shukhevych (January 1944 until 1950)〔(Пастка для «Щура» 4 листопада одному з засновників УПА Дмитрові Клячківському виповнилося 95 років ) in Ukrainian-Russian "Zerkalo Nedeli" Magazine〕 and finally Vasyl Kuk. In November 1943, the UPA adopted a new structure, creating a Main Military Headquarters and three areas (group) commands: UPA-West, UPA-North and UPA-South. Three military schools for low-level command staff were also established. Former policemen constituted a large proportion of the UPA leadership, and they comprised about half of the UPA membership in 1943. In terms of UPA soldiers' social background, 60 percent were peasants of low to moderate means, 20-25 percent were from the working class (primarily from the rural lumber and food industries), and 15 percent members of the intelligentsia (students, urban professionals). The latter group provided a large portion of the UPA's military trainers and officer corps.〔(Yuri Zhukov, "Examining the Authoritarian Model of Counter-insurgency: The Soviet Campaign Against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army", ''Small Wars and Insurgencies'', v.18, no. 3, pp.439-466 )〕 With respect to the origins of UPA's members, 60 percent were from Galicia and 30 percent from Volhynia and Polesia. The number of UPA fighters varied. A German Abwehr report from November 1943 estimated that the UPA had 20,000 soldiers;〔Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, (''Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army'', Chapter 14 ), p. 188〕 other estimates at that time placed the number at 40,000. By the summer of 1944, estimates of UPA membership varied from 25-30 thousand fighters〔Petro Sodol - Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1943-1949. Handbook. New – York 1994 p.28〕 up to 100,000 〔〔John Armstrong. (1963). ''Ukrainian Nationalism.'' New York: Columbia University Press. pg. 156〕 or even 200,000 soldiers 〔William Taubman. (2004). ''Khrushchev: The Man and His Era'' W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05144-7 pg. 193〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ukrainian Insurgent Army」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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